Emotion studies have been represented as core area in sport psychology, because emotions are regarded as fundamental component in human psychology. Understanding of theoretical perspectives of emotion should greatly help to apply for study and practices in sport psychology. The cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion (CMRT) provides a detailed description of the cognitive processes involved in generating specific emotions. The CMRT has been a theoretical framework in recent studies of sport emotion. Thus, this paper examined to explain the constructs of the CMRT. The CMRT based emotion studies and emotional regulations were also reviewed in order to fully understand ``theory-study- application`` framework in sport, Furthermore, this paper suggested to develop the culturally and theoretically integrated model in emotion in sport. This approach should lead to a better understanding and predicting emotions and their antecedents and consequences in the sport setting.

Our purpose in this research was to investigate the mediating roles of cognition, motivation, and emotion in the relationship between perceived learning environment and task persistence applying self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1986), control-value theory of achievement emotions (Pekrun, 2000), and self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) to school physical education, and also to compare the invariance across gender, A sample of 778 middle school students (384 males, 394 females) were used. Results of structural equation modeling analysis indicated that the fit indices of a partial mediation model was very satisfactory compared with those of the hypothesized models (X2=3720.15, DF=07, p<.001, Q=3.36, TLI=.906, CFI=.912, RMSEA=.055). Explained variance (R2) was for task persistence .61. The results of the partial mediation model yielded that positive and negative emotions, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and autonomous regulation mediated the relation between perceived learning environment and task persistence. The Results of multi-group analysis revealed that the paths between perceived challenge to positive, positive emotion to autonomous regulation and outcome expectancy, self-efficacy to outcome expectancy and task persistence, negative emotion to outcome expectancy, and outcome expectancy to autonomous regulation were not invariant for gender. Implications for the impacts of perceived learning environments on motivation and emotion were discussed.

Kernodle and Carlton(1992) suggested that video feedback(VF) can lead to the best effect in the learning of multiple-degree-of-freedom activities when used with transitional information(TI). However, it could be argued that the beneficial learning effect of TI+VF resulted from the effect of TI only, and VF was redundant. To clarify this problem the present study examined the learning effectiveness of TI+VF condition. Thirty six participants threw a ball with left hand as long as possible 75 times a day for two days. The performance score represented throwing distance and throwing form. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups that differed in the type of feedback information (KR, TI, and TI+VF). A retention test was administered 24 hr later. The results indicated that the TI+VF group showed better form rating score than the TI and KR groups during a 24-hr retention test. The TI group also showed better throwing form score than the KR group. These results suggest that TI is a more useful feedback for acquisition of coordination patterns in multiple-degree-of-freedom activities than KR. However, TI+VF has better learning effect than TI alone, In throwing distance the different results were observed, Although TI+VF group threw the ball longer than TI and KR group, the difference did not reach a significance, These results suggest that TI+VF influences movement outcome and form at a different rate, TI+VF leads to a rapid improvement in the learning of movement form, whereas TI+VF influences movement outcome relatively slowly.

This study explored the antecedents of emotional experience according to the achievement situations (class-related, learning-related, and test) in school physical education using the control-value theory of achievement emotion (2000, 2006). Participants were 270 middle school students (156 males, 114 females) and responded to an open-ended questionnaire. Inductive content analyses were conducted for each of the discrete emotions that were identified through the participants` responses. Inductive analyses revealed the emergence of 4 categories and 9 discrete emotions among three achievement situations: positive activating emotion=enjoyment, hope, pride; negative activating emotion=anger, anxiety, shame; positive non-activating emotion=relief; negative non-activating emotion= hopelessness, boredom). Especially, students`` emotional responses experienced in each of achievement situations were different according to temporal domain, but its antecedents were closely related with emotional, cognitive, physiological, and motivational aspects. Results are discussed in terms of the antecedents determining students`` emotional experiences, the role of achievement emotions, and its educational implications in physical education setting.

This study was conducted for the purpose of exploring possibility of moderate role for stress hardness concretely, verifying the role of stress hardness on decreasing confidence according to the stress that high school dancers may experience, between dancing stress and dancing confidence, concretely, verifying what is role of stress hardness on decreasing confidence in accordance with dancing stress that high school students majoring in dance experience via analysis of SEM. Thus, we collected subjects with 204 high school students majoring in dance, identifying goodness of fit model of study, modified, and final model through confirmatory factor analysis and SEM. As a result of analysis, in study model external ability of confidence and promoting of exercise were deleted as factors that hinder goodness of fit model, Although in modified model there showed corresponding path with hypothesis, with considering M.I index to increase goodness of fit model composed final model because confirming index of goodness of fit was omitted. In spite of result of Final model that decline in internal confidence by coach dissatisfaction and lack of dancing achievement, it showed that dancing confidence was improved if stress hardness mediated. Consequently, it indicated that stress hardness is a valid factor as moderate role of dancing confidence and dancing stress. Therefore, we comprehensively discussed relation between variables and procedure of modified model about these results.

This study was identified the conceptual structure of failure-tolerance that sports player are inherent and was to explore whether the degree of failure-tolerance be any related the Spirit element that is crucial in training and perform, based on the theory of constructive failure. For this, we developed the Failure-tolerance scale reflecting the situation of sport, examined the validity of the internal structure targeting of individuals and team athletes with 437 people, and verified the multidimensional relationship among Spirit elements such as patience, effort, determination, and competitive. As a result of analysis, the Sports failure-tolerance appears three-factor of behavioral, emotional, and task difficulty after a failure, were supported theoretical model of failure-tolerance that is generalized in academic situation, and this study was identified the fact that generally female players have stronger failure-tolerance than male player and middle school player, low-grade, have high failure-tolerance. Addition, among the sub-dimensions of failure-tolerance, the behavior and the preferred degree of task difficulty have closely relevance to Spirit element, These results as a stable personality variables to predict the performances and the training behavior were discussed by the direction of such a follow-up study and validity of failure-tolerance.

This study examined the differences in athletic identity of adolescent athletes across gender, school grades, and athletic career. A total of 609 adolescent athletes (19 disciplines) aged 12-18 years(M=15.18±1.65) were participated in the study, and completed the 7-item Athletic Identity Measurement Scale(AIMS). According to research matter, descriptive statistic and MANOVA through SPSS 15.0 and AMOS 7.0 are applied for the analysis of the data. The results are as follows; First, there was a significant gender difference only in negative affectivity. Second, significant differences across the school grades were found in two factors, social identity and exclusivity. Third, there was a significant difference across the athletic career only in social identity. Finally, there was no interaction effect of the three factors. The results were discussed from the viewpoint of developmental psychology and specificity of the sport world.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the Basic Psychological Needs (BPN), Exercise Adherence Questionnaire (EAQ) and Intention to Dropout to mediating effects of Ego-Resiliency(ER) of sport for all participants. 327 adult participated in this study. Depending on the purpose of the study, multiple regression analysis and structural equation model analysis, and path analysis were conducted by using SPSS 15.0 and Amos 7.0. As the analysis result basic psychological needs was positive effect on the exercise adherence questionnaire and the ego-resiliency, negative effect on the intention to dropout, ego-resiliency was positive effect on the exercise adherence questionnaire and negative effect on the intention to dropout. Meanwhile, The results of this study on the mediating effects of ego-resiliency that positive mediation effect on exercise adherence questionnaire and negative mediation effect on intention to dropout. Between sub-factor confidence of ego-resiliency combined with autonomy of basic psychological needs positive mediation effect on the sub-factor of the exercise adherence questionnaire and negative mediation effect on the intention to dropout, The result of study suggests that for the exercise adherence to ego-resiliency is important factor, that especially, determine for the exercise continue to confidence is important factor.

The purpose of this study is to investigated rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mood change in 100km ultramarathon race, To achieve purpose of this study, total 44 ultramarathon runners measured RPE at 4 check points (23-, 54-, 83-, 100km) during the race. In addition to mood change was measured using the series of profile of mood state questionnaires (POMS) before the race (pre-race), 54km check point and immediately after the race. This research can be concluded as follows: First, RPE increased during the race and significantly decreased 100km point. Second. the decreased POMS depression, confusion, anger were found at 54km check point and continued until 100km point, Third, the POMS total mood disturbance (TMD) were not changed by unchanged vigour. Although ultramarathon runners had a increased fatigue during the race, runners showed positive mood status. This has implications for psychological effects for ultra endurance runners.

The purpose of this study is to know that what effect does the depression and subjective happiness on the self-esteem of female aquarobics exercise participation. The candidates are 143 women doing aquarobics at sports centers in Busan. The collected data is analyzed by Pearson`s product moment correlation coefficient and single regression analysis used SPSS program. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn. First, the self-esteem is shown negative (-) effect on the depression of female aquarobics exercise participation. Second, the self-esteem is shown positive (+) effect on the subjective happiness of female aquarobics exercise participation. These results were confirmed that the effect of the depression and subjective happiness on the self-esteem of women`s aquarobics exercise participant.

This study was conducted to examine whether subjective physique, fitness level and exercise frequency have effects on the social physique anxiety of middle school students. A total of 410 subjects (male: 194, female: 216) participated in the study by completing the relevant questionnaires. Data analyses were done by independent t-test or MANOVA using PASW 18.0 Statistics Program. The research findings showed that the social physique anxiety was significantly different by the gender ( p<.001), the RBW ( p<.001), the degree of physique misconception ( p<.01), the subjective physique ( p<.001), the fitness level ( p<.01), and the exercise frequency ( p<.01). It was concluded that a new educational program which can improve students` body image positively and reduce social physique anxiety must be developed in the near future.

The purposes of this study was to develop the Korean basic psychological needs scale in a secondary school physical education settings, In order to achieve validation of study, 1,904 secondary school students of Busan metropolitan city were participated in this study through stratified random sampling. Different analytical methods such as inductive content analysis, descriptive analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis were conducted through PC using SPSS version 19.0 and AMOS version 19.0. A significance level of p<.05 was used for all statistical tests, As a results, a questionnaire that included 62 items and was considered students perception about the basic psychological needs in a secondary school physical education settings was made of open-ended questionnaire. Second, the final version including 15 items of 3 factors (autonomy need, competence need, relatedness need) was composed for various analyzing processes. Third, the suitability of 15 items of 3 factors extracted from the final version was verified.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate exploring the field application of cognitive learning based expressive movement program using motif writing symbols on multiple intelligence(linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial-visual intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and intrapersonal intelligence) for children. The movement program using Motif Writing Symbols was applied to the 9 children in experimental group while 27 children in the control group (each 9 on three groups) took their regular classes, Ballet class, Swimming class, and English class. Shearer`s Multiple Intelligence Examination Paper was used as a measurement tool to obtain the children`s multiple intelligences. The collected data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA with repeated measure. The results were as follows: The movement program using Motif Writing Symbols showed significant development in linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, and intrapersonal intelligence among multiple intelligences for children, compared to ballet, swimming, and english group. We conclude that movement program based on Motif Writing Symbol is valuable as alternative program for intellectual and emotional development as well as physical development of children.

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of control of action on temporal timing across pitch structure and sensory information pattern. Subjects were 16 female adults who performed a sequential timing task. The experimental task was to press marked + keyboard on sequential movement task with 5 segments/trial, which consisted 3 trial on pitch structure(uni tone, ascending tone, descending tone) and 2 trial on sensory information pattern(mono-auditory, multi-visual & auditory) with 4 different rhythm structures, For examining the control of action temporal timing two timing error measured by Rhythm Perception & Timing Coordination Program, which consisted of absolute error and relative error. The results of this study were as follows; In terms of absolute error, subjects showed lower timing error with mono sensory pattern, however, in terms of relative error, subjects showed lower timing error with multi sensory pattern. The result of group performance showed that Group sorted by better timing control in mono sensory information showed high timing error in multi sensory information pattern. Group sorted by poor timing control in mono sensory information showed low timing error in multi sensory information pattern. We conclude that this results showed characteristics of task constrain and individual constrain were affect temporal timing.

The purpose of this study is to verify whether ice skating clubbers` continuous participation invention, affects and participation level are influenced by the perception of the importance of the athletics or by the basic psychological needs satisfaction. In order to achieve the validity of the study, 397 ice skating clubbers were examined through random sampling. As measuring device, Scales concerning the perception of the importance of ice skating, basic psychological needs satisfaction, affects, continuous participation intention and participation level were used. The results were verified by descriptive analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. In order to find the mediated effects of the basic psychological needs satisfaction, the results were verified by the corelation analysis and covariance structure analysis. As the results of the study, affects from the athletics and continuous participation intention as cognitive psychological process are highly correlated with basic psychological needs satisfaction. In terms of participation period, frequency and time, participants were involved in sports only if they perceived the importance of the athletics. Relatedness needs and autonomy needs satisfaction were found to have important effects on the emotion and continuous participation intention. Therefore, it is important to set the scene for the increase of the autonomy and relatedness needs of the ice skating clubbers, considering our cultural traits.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of counterfactual thinking to hindsight bias on win and lose. Athletes in university (n=243) participated and completed 2 questionnaires such as counterfactual questionnaire, Hindsight Bias questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and 2-way repeated ANOVA were conducted for data analysis. The results are as follows. First, most athletes recalled precisely the winning team. So, there is no hindsight bais. Second, J team (win) revealed hindsight bias by increasing the assurance of winning team, especially the counterfactual thinking group. Third, W team (lose) cannot reveled hindsight bias, There are no significant differences between the two groups of athletes, We discussed the difference between cognition, motivation of hindsight bias and counterfactual thinking, and finally suggested the counterfactual thinking in sport.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a combined exercise program on patients with anxiety and depression, and on their quality of life. Of the 16 recruited patients with depression, 8 patients who volunteered to participate in the combined treatment program were assigned to the experimental group and the other 8 patients who did not participate were assigned to the control group. The experimental group underwent a combined treatment exercise program comprised of dynamic aerobic dances and static yoga twice a week for 8 weeks for a total of 16 sessions with each session lasting 100 minutes. Per the objective of this study, a t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were performed. In addition, in order to as certain the presence of other treatment effect sadditional to a measurement questionnaire, a qualitative analysis was conducted after completing a collective testimony session in which individuals` feelings and thoughts were shared. The results of the study are as follows. First, in regard to depression, in the experimental group the emotional, cognitive, motivational and physiological factors that are of the lower domain showed significant differences between pre- and post-experiment and between the groups. Second, concerning anxiety, in the experimental group both the lower factor characteristics and status anxiety showed significant differences, however, no significant differences were observed between the groups. Third, regarding quality of life, in the experimental group the positive self-perception, discomfort and emotional factors all showed significant differences between pre- and post-experiment, however, significant differences were not seen between the groups. Fourth, as a result of the analysis of group sharing, observed were 4 classified forms of psychological area, family area, physical health area and miscellaneous area. The results of this study have been discussed based on previous studies.

The correction of deformed spine is divided two ways with the surgical repair and wearing a brace for immobilizing spine in general, but there could be issue of aftereffects and recurrence along with the growth. The purpose of this study was development and effectiveness verification of awareness-based exercising program using automatic-controlled information processing model to treat the recurrence of spine deformation after posture correction training. To this end, this study developed Awareness-based posture exercise program consisting of 16 movements which are based on the Feldenkrais(1903∼1984) theory, Pilates(1880∼1967) theory and the combined respiratory training from Hapkido and the jungkidanboup of Kouksundo. In the purpose of the effectiveness verification on this developed exercise program, total 45 of elementary students in grades four to six were participated in this study and the students were randomly assigned to three groups, awareness-based posture exercise training of 15 students (male 10 people, female 5 people), posture control training of 15 students (male 8 people, female 7 people) and control group of 15 (male 8 people, female 7 people). The exercise program conducted in 10 weeks, three times of measurement were run with preliminary, right after 10 weeks of exercising, after 4 weeks of resting phase. Measurement objects were the horizontal angle of shoulder, the vertical angle of spine, left-right balance and forward flexion. As a result, all of the preliminary measured variables (horizontal angle of shoulder, the vertical angle of spine, left-right balance and forward flexion) from both experimental group and comparison group were higher than those of control group and were statistically significant. especially, the differences are significant after the resting phase between experimental group and control group. These results suggest that aware concentration on the movement during posture correction training should facilitate the automation of posture control.

The study examined the relation between resilience and the bounce back ability of KPGA golfers. Of the KPGA members, 76 professional male golfers were selected who competed in nine Korean tours or more held by KGT. Collected data were then treated with simple regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis with the SPSS 17.0 Program. The findings led to the following conclusions: First, there were positive correlations between their resilience and bounce back rate. Second, of the nine sub-factors of resilience, ability to positive respond had closer positive correlations with Bounce Back than self-regulation ability and interpersonal ability. Those findings suggest that resilience is an important variable to increase a golfer`s bounce back ability and point to a need to develop a resilience promotion program for professional golfers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of visual search strategies and actual perceived eye-focus locations on expertise levels of basketball referee. Participants (n=12) were assigned to one of two groups defined by expertise levels which consisted of 6 expert and 6 novice referees. The task was to press a keyboard and then say what violation happen. To acquire on the data of the eye movement, (NAC EMR-9), 18 videos on violation distance (far vs. near) and violation types (related to ball vs. not related to ball) were analyzed. The independent variables which were expertise (2), violation distance (2), and violation types (2) and the dependent variables were the decision-precision, the movement time, the eye fixations frequency, the ratio of fixations time, the average of fixations duration, the eye-focus locations, and the actual perceived eye-focus locations. The results through three-way or one-way ANOVA were follows. First, the expert referee showed superior decision-precisions and participants had good decisions at the violation situation related to ball. Also, expert ones showed prompt decision-makings and participants hand quick decisions at the situation related to ball. Second, the eye fixations frequency was high at the violation situation happened at far distance compared with near distance. Third, the expert ones showed the lower ratio of fixations time and participants had the lower ratio of fixations time at far distance. Fourth, the expert ones showed shorter duration on the average of fixations duration and participants had shorter duration at far distance and unrelated to ball. Fifth, the results on the eye-focus locations and the actual perceived eye-focus locations in total game represented that expert ones had the eye-focus locations on offensive players, but mostly reported they actually saw offensive ones as well as defensive ones. On the other hand, novice had the eye-focus location and said they actually saw offensive ones. Sixth, the expert referee at violation moment tended to be united between the eye-focus locations and the actual perceived eye-focus locations compared with novice.

This study aims to investigate the mediated effect that happiness and competence play when SsIreum players experience a burnout, This study also explore competence as variables reaction through the structural causal relationship of competence, happiness and burnout in the 198 current SsIreum players who have experienced a burnout, According to the research that set the hypothetical path model of competence-happiness-burnout, the competence is not linked directly to drop a burnout, but the organic relationship of competence and happiness together does directly impact on the players chances of not experiencing a burnout. This result is worth exploring the importance of happiness in relation between competence and burnout. Moreover, on the basis of the result of this study, an integrated discussion considering the academic background and the value of spots field application took place to investigate further possibilities that this relationship poses to players who may experience a burnout.